Works Cited
I. PRIMARY SOURCES
A. Government documents and Congressional hearings.
Matthews, Lloyd J., ed. Newsmen and National Defense: Is Conflict Inevitable? Carlisle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War College, 1991.
Rasmussen, Lt. Col. Stephen and Lt. Col. Larry F. Icenogle, The Development of the Press - Military Crunch in the Persian Gulf: 'Wuz the Public Robbed?.' Carlisle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War College, 1992.
Rogers, Lt. Col. Douglas H., Lt. Col. Richard Erickson and Col. James W. Winters, The Military and the Media -- A Need for Control. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War College, 1983.
Sidle, Maj. Gen. Winant. Report by the CJCS Media-Military Relations Panel (Sidle Panel) Washington D.C.: Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, August 23, 1984.
Sims, Robert B. The Pentagon Reporters. Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1983.
Summers, Col. Harry G. On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War. Novato, California: Presidio Press, 1982.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services, Full Committee Hearing on Lessons Learned as a Result of the U.S. Military Operations in Grenada. January 24, 1984.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs, Pentagon Rules on Media Access to the Persian Gulf War. February 20, 1991.
B. Contemporaneous articles.
Bruning, Fred. "Why People Distrust the Press." Maclean's, January 16, 1984, 69.
Castro, Janice. "Keeping the Press From the Action." Time, November 7, 1983, 65-66.
Cleghorn, Reese. "Fear of the Press and Fear of the Truth." Washington Journalism Review, March 1991, 4.
Cloud, Stanley. "How Reporters Missed the War." Time, January 8, 1990, 61.
________. "Shooting the Messenger." Time, February 18, 1991, 34.
Cockburn, Alexander. "Beneath a Peak in Darien." Nation, December 17, 1990, 759.
Colin, Thomas J. "As Television Glanced off the News Story, Newspapers Surrounded it." Washington Journalism Review, March 1991, 31-33.
Denniston, Lyle. "Planning for Future Grenadas." The Quill, January 1984, 10-13.
Grunwald, Henry. "Trying to Censor Reality." Time, November 7, 1983, 102.
Henry, William A. III. "Journalism Under Fire." Time, December 12, 1983, 76-93.
Kaiser, Charles, and Lucy Howard. "An Off-the-Record War." Newsweek, November 7, 1983, 83.
Kamen, Jeff. "CNN's Breakthrough in Baghdad: Live by Satellite (Censored)." Washington Journalism Review, March 1991, 27-29.
Kinsley, Michael. "Trusting Ourselves With the News." Time, February 25, 1991, 80.
Lowther, William. "Counting the Hidden Costs." Maclean's, January 22, 1990, 22.
Monroe, Bill "Peter Arnett: Anti-Hero of Baghdad." Washington Journalism Review, March 1991, 6.
________. "How the Generals Outdid the Journalists." Washington Journalism Review, April 1991, 6.
________. "How to Cover War: Forget the Pool." Washington Journalism Review, May 1991, 6.
"Not-so-Hot-Tamales." Nation, February 12, 1990, 185.
"Notes and Comments." The New Yorker, February 4, 1991, 21-22.
"The Press and the Pentagon: Tactical Retreats." The Economist, February 18, 1984, 27.
Ruffini, Gene. "Press Fails to Challenge the Rush to War." Washington Journalism Review, March 1991, 23.
Zoglin, Richard. "Live From the Middle East." Time, January 28, 1991, 69 -71.
________. "Volleys on the Information Front." Time, February 4, 1991, 44-45.
________. "How Dailies Cover a TV War." Time, February 11, 1991, 78.
________. "Jumping out of the Pool." Time, February 18, 1991, 39.
________. "Just Whose Side are They On?." Time, February 25, 1991, 52-55.
________. "It was a Public Relations Rout Too." Time, March 11, 1991, 56-57.
C. Memoirs, personal accounts, and speeches.
Boot, William. "Wading Around in the Panama Pool." Columbia Journalism Review, March / April 1990, 18-20.
Codiescu, Andrei. "Self Censorship." Columbia Journalism Review, November / December 1991, 50.
Dorfman, Ron. "Bringing the War Back Home." The Quill, January 1984, 14-16.
Hedges, Chris. "The Unilaterals." Columbia Journalism Review, May / June 1991, 27-29.
Jaco, Charles. "Military to Journalists: Now Hear This." Washington Journalism Review, March 1990, 53.
________. "Missing the Action in Panama." The Quill, November / December 1990, 11.
Janka, Les. "Grenada, the Media, and National Security." Armed Forces Journal International, December 1983, 9-12.
Komarow, Steven. "Pooling Around in Panama." Washington Journalism Review, March 1990, 45-53.
Lamb, David. "Pentagon Hardball." Washington Journalism Review, April 1991, 33-36
Lietzmann, Sabina. "On Not Landing in Grenada." Encounter, September / October 1984, 60-63.
Lunner, Chet. "Military Battens Hatches as Press Floods Persian Gulf." The Quill, November / December 1990, 10-12.
Vasquez, Juan. "Panama: Live From the Marriott!" Washington Journalism Review, March 1990, 44-47.
D. Newspaper articles.
Please note: All newspaper articles have been taken from Information Services on Latin America, Volume 34 #5, Volume 39 # 6, and Volume 40 # 1. The page numbers below correspond to the page of the compilation not the newspaper.
"Concern of News Management by U.S. Military." Financial Times of London, December 27, 1989, 128.
"Excerpts From Briefing on Panama Operation." New York Times, December 23, 1989, 152.
Farrell, William E. "U.S. Allows 15 Reporters to go to Grenada for a Day." New York Times, October 28, 1983, 353.
"Grenada -- and Mount Suribachi." New York Times, October 28, 1983, 356.
Kanan, Michael. "On TV, Picturing the Invasion." Washington Post, October 26, 1983, 352.
Kaye, Jeff. "Fitzwater Assails Networks Coverage." Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1989, 145.
Meisler, Stanley and Thomas Rosensteil. "U.S. Focus on Noriega's 'Voodoo' Image Questioned." Miami Herald, January 1, 1990, 87.
McCarthy, Coleman. "Lock Stepping Media and Military." Washington Post, December 31, 1989, 221.
Specter, Michael. "Second-Hand News Coverage Blamed on Military." Washington Post, December 22, 1989, 141.
E. Speeches and discussion forums.
American Press Institute Issues Forum Concerning Press Performance in the Persian Gulf War, (transcript) War, the Press, and the First Amendment, Reston, Virginia: A.P.I., March 22, 1991.
Bush, George. "Panama: The Decision to use Force." Vital Speeches of the Day, January 15, 1990, 195-96.
"The Grenada Experience: What Should be the Role of the Media During Periods of Conflict?" (a panel discussion) Center Magazine, September / October 1984, 53-57.
Watkins, James D. "The Media and the Military." Vital Speeches of the Day, January 15, 1984, 199-202.
F. Other.
Gannett Foundation Report, The Media at War: The Press and the Persian Gulf Conflict. New York: Gannett Foundation Media Center, 1991.
Marini, Laura J.E., ed. Lines in the Sand. (a video recording produced by the Center for Media and Values) Syracuse: Griffin-Wirth Associates, 1991.
Sifry, Micah L. and Christopher Cerf, eds. The Gulf War Reader. New York: Random House, 1991.
Silver, Rosalind, ed. "The Media in War and Peace." (special issue) Media & Values. Fall 1991.
Smith, Hedrick, ed. The Media and the Gulf War: The Press and Democracy in War Time. Washington D.C.: Seven Locks Press, 1992.
Watson, Bruce, W. and Peter G. Tsouras. Operation Just Cause: The U.S. Intervention in Panama. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.
Yant, Martin. Desert Mirage: The True Story of the Gulf War. New York: Prometheus Books, 1991.
II. SECONDARY SOURCES
A. Books.
Braestrup, Peter. Battle Lines, a Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on the Military and the Media. New York: Priority Press Publications, 1985.
Chafee, Zechariah Jr. Free Speech in the United States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941.
Dunn, Peter M. and Bruce M.Watson, eds. American Intervention in Grenada: The Implications of Operation Urgent Fury. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985.
Gabriel, Peter Hitchcock. A Pilot Study of Press-Military Relationships in the Aftermath of Grenada, Masters Thesis, University of Maryland, 1985.
Independent Commission of Inquiry on the U.S. Invasion of Panama. The U.S. Invasion of Panama: The Truth Behind Operation Just Cause. Boston: South End Press, 1991.
McConnell, Malcolm. Just Cause: The Real Story of America's Hi-Tech Invasion of Panama. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Payne, Anthony, Paul Sutton and Tony Thorndike. Grenada: Revolution and Invasion. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.
Taylor, Philip M. War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
B. Articles.
Amiel, Barbara. "A Question of Press Credibility." Maclean's, February, 20 1984, 13.
Brown, Charles H. "Press Censorship in the Spanish-American War." Journalism Quarterly, Autumn 1965, 589.
Cooper, Marc. "The Press and the Panama Invasion." Nation, June 18, 1990, 850-52.
Cooper, S.F. "The Press and the Army." The Army Quarterly, July 1954, 214.
Henry, William A. III. "Journalism Under Fire." Time, December 12, 1983, 76-93.
Hertsgaard, Mark. "How the Media let us Down in Panama." Rolling Stone, March 8, 1990, 77-78.
Lutz, William. "Doublespeak, the Invasion of Panama, and the Corruption of Public Discourse." North American Review, June 1990, 56-57.
Schorr, Daniel. "Ten Days That Shook the White House." Columbia Journalism Review, July / August 1991, 21-23.
Strong, Morgan. "Portions of the Gulf War Were Brought to You by... the Folks at Hill & Knowlton." TV Guide, February 22, 1991, 11-13.
Weeks, Jennifer. "Patriot Games." Columbia Journalism Review, July / August 1992, 13-14.
West, Diana. "Happy 1984: The New York Times Editorials on Grenada Betrayed a Deep Suspicion of the American People." Policy Review, Spring 1984, 69-71.